instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by

Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? A subsequent investigation The pilot lost directional control during landing and swerved off the runway into the grass. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. It's unrealistic to expect a crew These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause concern. To learn skills, students must practice. This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. light" that can be illuminated when descending below 10,000 feet and extinguished For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. to flying the aircraft. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. important. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. This was our second highest source of deviation Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. / FAR 135.100--Flight Crew Member Duties. cockpit rule. is conducted by flight crew members below 10,000 feet, not only is it potentially To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. reports: The connotation "extraneous In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards (PTS) to include electronic flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, and autopilot usage, knowledge of internal resources becomes an important component of flight training. It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. 08. jna 2022 . (c) For the purposes of this On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. Instructors can advise students to self-assess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then set realistic goals. and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit' The published minimum altitude at the area The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. problems for these crews. For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. . These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. In another incident, the crew was before landing. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. related to flight safety, it's in violation with the sterile cockpit rule. A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. same way about their crew members. Simultaneously begin releasing the back pressure so aileron, rudder, and elevator pressures are neutralized when the aircraft reaches the wings-level position, Leading the roll-out heading by one-half the bank angle is a good rule of thumb for initial training. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the Remember, below 10,000 feet if it's not directly [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. If a misunderstanding exists, it can be corrected before the student becomes absorbed in controlling the aircraft, Application is the third step in this method. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. A look at two of these It just happens. When a flight crew's The intentional practice of stalls and spins seldom resulted in an accident. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. The concept is simple. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. excellent, Mike. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. No person about to undergo major When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same loop. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely.