31 0 obj /ColorSpace << /S /P /Pg 23 0 R /Pg 17 0 R 272 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R /Im1 369 0 R endobj 50 0 obj 215 0 obj << << Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project. >> This will help Architects ascertain their worth in the cause of practice. >> << << >> /Pg 19 0 R /TT0 363 0 R 155 0 obj << How Much Would You Pay Your Architect For The Supervision Of A Four /S /P /P 469 0 R Once you understand the fee calculation for architects, you can easily apply it to that of the quantity surveyor, structural engineer, mechanical or electrical engineer. endobj 0000007165 00000 n << << /Lang (EN-GB) Next 30=20%. /S /LBody That even government who prepared the scale of fees often dont agree. /Pg 20 0 R 240 0 obj /P 459 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /K 13 >> /Pg 16 0 R /S /P >> /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P It is not an absolute amount. /P 477 0 R /Pg 20 0 R When architects are hired to perform services beyond their normal services or contract period, then they are entitled to remuneration based on time charges. << /Contents 382 0 R /P 10 0 R /P 475 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 481 0 R /Subtype /XML 66 0 obj Claims on transportation, accommodation, printing, computer, office equipment and other incidental expenses incurred on the project. All substructure is charged fully, while the superstructure is charged as below. << /P 435 0 R >> The data were sourced from the archival records (drawings, bills of quantities, project progress reports, and specifications) on the issues relating to the costs and duration of building projects. /S /P /S /P /Pg 18 0 R 59 0 obj 138 0 obj /TT2 358 0 R I trust you are doing good too. Construction Supervision approach to be adopted, aiming to deliver the best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary repetition of work because of an error or image quality jobs that do not meet the requirement. 296 0 obj >> /Pg 21 0 R /P 485 0 R /S /P 144 0 obj endobj AJOL is annually audited and was also independently assessed in 2019 by E&Y. /Pg 21 0 R /Font << /Pg 21 0 R /S /P /S /P /K 7 225 0 obj 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R /K 26 << << /K 23 /Lang (EN-US) << /S /P /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) Ive recently started a website, the information you offer on this website has helped me greatly. An Appraisal of The Effectiveness Supervision on Building Projects in endobj >> >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] 228 0 obj 83 0 R] 126 0 R null null null 127 0 R null null null 128 0 R null Building work is not always as smooth sailing as some people will make you believe. 15 0 obj << /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) << /P 471 0 R 9 [115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R null null 312 0 R null null /Lang (EN-GB) 213 0 obj << /Lang (EN-GB) The Federal Lighter Terminal has 1670 meters and four berths operated by Intels. /TT1 357 0 R /TT0 363 0 R >> >> << /Pg 22 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj /K 6 /K 64 << endobj /S /P /P 10 0 R /K 4 endobj endobj << @/Kk!XThC0 << /Pg 21 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> /Pg 18 0 R >> /S /P endobj How to Calculate Architects fees using the most recent condition of engagement (2016) by clicking here. /S /P /S /LBody /ColorSpace << >> AJOL is a non-profit, relying on your support. 211 0 obj /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 126 0 obj /S /P /K 11 /K 4 >> A competent professional with 12 years of experience in supervision,estimation and planning of building structure, interior fit outs, road & infra structure works.<br><br>Handed over residential project of 354 villas (Sipchem Home Ownership Program) including interior fit outs.<br><br>Last experience was with industrial construction comprises of Project & maintenance for three units of total . endobj /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-GB) >> /K 77 /Pg 20 0 R Based on these findings, it can be concluded that continuous investigation into, and analyses of cost overruns at stages of building projects would encourage professionals to apply the best mitigation measures, in order to achieve a significant reduction in the total cost overrun at the completion of a project. /S /P >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /P 468 0 R endobj /TT4 375 0 R 262 0 obj /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) Selecting Various Building Materials for Various Climates in Bali, Learning the Modern House Construction in Bali. 167 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) 81 0 obj /StructParents 7 /TT8 364 0 R >> << iii) In building projects, time frame is part of what is put into when embarking on a project. /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /P 416 0 R 39 0 obj << /Pg 20 0 R endobj endobj /P 468 0 R << Also, the repetitive Works Fees calculation (%) has changed.Now, it is: 125 0 R] /Pg 20 0 R /P 476 0 R endobj I am currently putting up a four flat storey building in warri and my architect who designed the building charged an additional N300k for the supervision to decking level. << endobj /S /P /S /P /Resources << /K [421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R] /Pg 20 0 R /Artifact /P >> On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. /Lang (EN-GB) Posted by: FEMI ADEFAKA << /P 10 0 R 186 0 obj << "I probably come close to someone who marks up 1.67, but I know my exact costs," he says. 306 0 obj /TT3 356 0 R << /S /P 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R /C2_0 374 0 R Fixing issues around your home can make it more efficient and comfortablenot to mention increase its value. /Pg 20 0 R /ColorSpace << /K 3 >> /K 109 /K 87 /K 98 /S /P 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /K 2 /K 6 >> 281 0 obj 231 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Resources << /Pg 24 0 R /S /P /K 7 <> endobj >> endobj endobj You dont multiply 4.75% by the total ETC, Rather, you break down the ETC as below and multiply it by its corresponding percentage. endobj /K 21 /K 29 magnitude of cost that could be saved on the project , 3]. 264 0 obj /S /P /S /P stream /Metadata 2 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 429 0 R /P 10 0 R << 64 0 obj /P 386 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R >> >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 15 0000000696 00000 n /P 458 0 R 10 0 obj /Type /Page /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 454 0 R << endobj 151 0 obj 287 0 obj endobj endobj /P 431 0 R /StructTreeRoot 5 0 R /Rotate 0 /Pg 21 0 R >> 0000006153 00000 n << /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] >> trash dumps. Set to cost $1.5 billion, the Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project is among the largest construction projects in Nigeria. in Building Process, Real Estate, Real Estate Articles Ehimen..! /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) /P 450 0 R /Pg 20 0 R I'm sure the Architect in question is competent, to me that's all that matters. /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R 73 0 obj 338 0 obj /S /P kT8i\yj kq7RD 10J4 "R @[Fm@5b`;/A!q7 /K 62 104 0 obj /S /P >> 39 0 obj <> endobj /K [401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R 404 0 R 405 0 R] Image Bali International (IBI) Manpower Agent is recruitment and As the leader in commence of this movement in Bali, Image Bali Our Tukang Terrazzo, Bali Terrazzo Specialist is sub division Prices are competitive and you can just prove it by making your order Our stones carving are produced with very high skilled carvers who Do you like handmade crafts? /K 81 I also hope that ARCON, NIA and now ANCA will do more to provide value for us, their members and the profession of architecture. /Lang (EN-US) How To Supervise Your Building Project. - Properties - Nigeria - Nairaland The study revealed a significant relationship between the cost of rework and initial and final project cost of delivering commercial buildings, as an average of 3.53% impact on the initial. /K 37 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) 51 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) 57 0 obj /P 452 0 R 261 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Pg 20 0 R /S /P Labour cost for mixing, pouring and consolidation of concrete = 170,000 Supervision cost = 50,000 Casting of ground floor slab = 1,633,300 Therefore, the tentative cost of raising the building from foundation to DPC is 5,193,935 without the contractor's profit and overhead. Lastly, in addition to the architects professional fee, he is also entitled to reimbursable expenses. << /Tabs /S /P 506 0 R 0000001281 00000 n << 180 0 obj 65 0 obj /K 45 Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project is a section of the greater LagosKano Standard Gauge Railway. Whatever kind of material you are purchasing; make sure they will be ready when you need them, in their right amounts. endobj >> 300 0 obj 2 0 obj /P 461 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << /Pg 20 0 R << endobj /Lang (EN-US) /S /LBody >> 121 0 obj endobj /TT2 356 0 R 226 0 obj << 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R {x3QkSl3 //6juC5+[jWG ]2jrmZkLMZ,NEh`Yx}sx@tz_pu`d?ikez-Ugk4tK.xmWe_u u>Pn)8q]YS|;+75v>?-BmX57uX_?mI6;X'ovvlzK}_6[d trailer /K 14 /K 2 /Pg 20 0 R /P 494 0 R 269 0 obj /TT4 361 0 R /S /P /K 7 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) << /K 107 /K 110 /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 451 0 R 63 0 obj /K 9 /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Type /Pages endobj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> << >> /P 502 0 R /Pg 24 0 R * Negotiate and settle final accounts. >> /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /P 466 0 R /S /P /S /P The Port of Onne Complex contains two major terminals: the Federal Ocean Terminal and the Federal Lighter Terminal. /P 10 0 R << /S /P >> /P 455 0 R 17 0 obj /S /P /S /LBody /Pg 23 0 R /K 4 243 0 obj /K 51 >> 129 0 obj /K 4 67 0 obj /TT2 356 0 R << Work is underway that will bring the total length to 1500 meters and the number of berths to six. >> /F11 366 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> endobj /P 462 0 R /Tabs /S >> >> >> A builder should be concerned with monitoring and evaluating the construction project. /P 460 0 R endobj << endobj (2017) An investigation into cost overruns for ongoing building projects in Abuja, Nigeria. Hi Bunmi, endobj /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 24 0 R >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /P 421 0 R /P 10 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /K 17 /Diagram /Figure /P 462 0 R >> /Pg 19 0 R /P 10 0 R /Pg 21 0 R endobj 5 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R . /S /P >> /P 10 0 R /K 58 endobj /Pg 20 0 R Its good to hear from you. >> 209 0 obj The core function of a builder in any construction project is Building Production Management. Before composing tender bids, the cost estimates. 94 0 obj >> endobj /Pg 17 0 R << /P 10 0 R /S /LBody 82 0 obj endobj >> 6 0 obj 239 0 obj /P 471 0 R null 292 0 R null null] /S /P 111 0 obj /S /P /P 469 0 R endobj << /P 422 0 R /P 407 0 R endobj << /P 467 0 R endobj /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj << endobj /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) The total amount of cost overruns for any construction project can be fully determined once the project is completed. /S /P /S /P 184 0 obj 14 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) 122 0 obj /Pg 24 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /S /P << /Resources << >> /Annots [341 0 R 342 0 R] /Pg 21 0 R /Subtype /Link Thanks Nelson, I have written a new post on the 2016 Architects condition of engagement. 201 0 obj /S /P Olokola Deapsea Port is a project that is set to be constructed in Ondo State. /Font << 309 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P << endobj << >> /P 500 0 R /Pg 16 0 R 43 0 obj << endobj endobj /K 74 << In Nigeria, you can use a value of between N70,000 N150,000 per square meter depending on the quality of construction (2018). /Lang (EN-GB) /K 54 /K 76 endobj /K 11 >> /TT2 361 0 R << >> /K 31 /S /P I. >> /Lang (EN-GB) /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-US) 305 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R }m(hQseP2WNh9 tbM]e3<>8OVr7E9O5rvVNx&tO /eb; VfLtp6pvX /Pg 16 0 R /P 10 0 R /S /P >> These comprised schedule data on 51 public and 41 private building projects as well as cost data on 42 public and 33 private building projects. endobj /Font << /P 10 0 R >> * Prepare and review project budgets, cost plans and cash flow projections. Lagos - Badagry Expressway Expansion Project << 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R << >> << /K 2 endobj /P 478 0 R /K 49 endobj /Lang (EN-US) /S /P BuyLetLive is the Real Estate Company You Need! 103 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) Your donation is guaranteed to directly contribute to Africans sharing their research output with a global readership. endobj What Are Typical Construction Management Fees? - HomeAdvisor >> /P 453 0 R /K 29 endobj << /Pg 24 0 R /S /P /S /P endobj As a result, there is an urgent need to address the high cost of these products which is said to have slowed down the growth of the building and construction sector in Nigeria.Building materials constitute the largest single input in housing construction. 110 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20151028204214+03'00') /Lang (EN-GB) /Rotate 0 << endobj endobj /K 8 >> /Pg 20 0 R << 76 0 obj /S /P << /S /P /Length 928 >Zg3c , >JJ`k9tD3J;me, !djaFaDzo#=/vX5@zU#{WY5{p,847*pCiTHq#iot6_%v>)J /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R endstream endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 42 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj 43 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <>stream Cost of building a duplex in Nigeria (foundation to DPC) << 283 0 obj /Rotate 0 /S /P << /P 507 0 R /K 10 /S /LBody /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R These are the things you have to put to bare: 1. /Lang (EN-GB) The Dangote refinery will process a variety of light and medium grades of crude to produce Euro-V quality clean fuels including gasoline and diesel as well as jet fuel and polypropylene. /S /P << endobj Introduction 277 0 obj /Type /Page /P 503 0 R For small building projects, you can save the hassle of employing the project manager, by supervising your own project. /Pg 20 0 R overruns in building projects executed in Nigeria using the system. << << << null null null 327 0 R null null null 328 0 R null null Quite educative, Sir. endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) >> 171 0 obj /P 509 0 R << 30 0 obj 6 largest construction projects in Nigeria - CCE l ONLINE NEWS /P 497 0 R << 32 0 obj /K 9 /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /K 25 304 0 obj 194 0 obj >> endobj /Pg 22 0 R The entire projects had average cost overruns of 44.46%, with an average project completion of 52.4%, and within 91.4% of the average estimated time limit. >> /Pg 21 0 R /Type /Annot /Resources << Oversee the implementation of construction works in terms of quality, quantity and rate of progress of work achievement. /K 34 /Font << 250 0 obj /K 0 /S /P /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /S /P mo *=L*rP(5{ba,v8\Qv .y@*B(;lr>j%#Z#M"hIr^]uRS~2/x& << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 463 0 R 334 0 obj /TT3 375 0 R /Pg 20 0 R 294 0 obj endobj /S /LBody >> /Lang (EN-GB) endobj << /S /P /P 10 0 R /K 15 /P 466 0 R /ExtGState << On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 492 0 R >> << /Pg 20 0 R 2 0 obj /Contents 381 0 R >> << /K 29 >> . /P 10 0 R /K 106 << >> << Are they free from deterioration and loss of strength? /Lang (EN-GB) /P 457 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 67 >> /Type /Pages /Parent 8 0 R endobj /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word) /Type /Page >> << << /K 9 /K 3 /K 0 >> /P 461 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Contents 378 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) << It is expected to be the Africas biggest oil refinery and the worlds biggest single-train facility, upon completion in 2020. 216 0 obj endobj >> /Pg 20 0 R iv) Building projects are seen as a major for the social benefit of all and sundry. >> /S /P 25% (Nominal site supervision) - Stage 3; . Get your building plan approved. 8,47kO:d^"fp`~. It is no news that architects are being cheated by client due to the fact that most architect,in a bid to win project, often ignore or circumvent normal procedures. >> << endobj /Rotate 0 4. Centenary City is the largest and most expensive construction project in Nigeria. null 134 0 R null null 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 62 0 obj << /P 10 0 R << << While Adedeji(2010) observed that about sixty (60) per cent of the total housing . << endobj endobj /Pg 21 0 R /Font << /P 10 0 R /S /P /Pg 21 0 R endobj . << % Contingencies. /P 10 0 R /K 5 /S /LBody endobj endobj >> << /Endnote /Note /Pg 20 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /Type /Metadata >> /S /P /A 13 0 R /InlineShape /Figure You can also save cost unknowingly when you build the biggest possible size you can afford as it will cost less if done at the initial stage rather than as extension later on especially when you are sure of your capabilities. /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 21 0 R One of the things to put into cognizance if you are to supervise building projects is that you will always be expected to spend more at the end of the day, so earmark at least 20% of the estimate for your building for contingencies. << 189 0 obj 210 0 obj /S /LBody /S /P /Pg 21 0 R 35 0 obj endobj /K 1 >> /Length 3582 >> /Pg 20 0 R /S /P Using an artisan (bricklayer, carpenter, welder etc) to do the job of a professional like Architect, Structural Engineer or quantity surveyor is not advisable on your site. Robert Oluwole - Project Cost Estimator - Cozym Limited - LinkedIn << 335 0 obj /K 115 137 0 obj << endobj /K 0 /Rotate 0 Construction was delayed by heavy rains in Spring 2018,and the Nigerian government had to deploy soldiers to protect the railway workers from hoodlums and armed robbers. 4 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R >> /P 442 0 R << /Lang (EN-GB) How honest is he and which of his past jobs can he point to? /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Pg 24 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Kids [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] /P 456 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 32 /TT3 361 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Rect [0.0 813.736 595.2 841.92] /S /P << /P 505 0 R << 7 [100 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R /Im3 370 0 R /Pg 24 0 R The port is expected to cost $2.7 billion to construct. /S /L M. Theodorakopoulos, C. Pasquire and P. Fitsilis, (2009), Investigating a new integrated cost management system within lean project delivery, Conference proceeding, COBRA 2009: RICS construction . /Pg 20 0 R >> >> /Parent 9 0 R /S /P endobj /K 20 /K 70 /P 463 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /S /Sect /BS << /D [20 0 R /XYZ 126 396 null] 219 0 obj But make sure you dont stretch your budget to the limit. 271 0 obj endobj /Font << /Pg 19 0 R Fig 1.2 Map of Edo state . /Pg 19 0 R endobj endobj /S /P /K 37 /S /LBody >> 217 0 obj >> /TT3 359 0 R /K 21 <br . >> /K 1 << /P 466 0 R << Greetings to you Arc. ZMP+lzQP#(\( [fuJxh(,z^/jKRyb^w4Fqc)]X?[`%)4#9IS!bQR)?7{'oiq 1u.pv2hYA;A!3aiG/NFDDaRO>{h4FrMJOY}Euf +S19=I z Nigeria holds the largest number of projects in West Africa with 21 projects (28%), valued at US$54.2bn (67.1% in US dollar value terms). >> /K 24 /Lang (EN-GB) /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /S /LBody /K 13 It is widely used by architects because it is easy to understand and communicate with clients. /P 449 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 462 0 R >> How did you come about this cost per sqm for projects in Nigeria /K 19 /Pg 20 0 R 19 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /ColorSpace << /Pg 20 0 R /S /LBody /TT6 362 0 R << 133 0 obj %PDF-1.5 /K 3 108 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R There is so much misunderstanding about how to calculate the professional fees of architects and engineers in the building industry. %PDF-1.5 /K 26 /Lang (EN-GB) null 313 0 R null null null 314 0 R null null null 315 0 R /P 10 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /K [416 0 R 417 0 R 418 0 R 419 0 R 420 0 R] 276 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] >> /Pg 20 0 R 92 0 obj . hb```"NAAd`B@j)3w*oXMY Rq . Completed substructure of a duplex by the author /Pg 21 0 R 112 0 obj Please use the link above to donate via Paypal. << >> 84 0 obj >> << 36 0 obj 196 0 obj /S /LBody /K 27 /K 7 >> >> endobj /P 430 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /K 15 /Lang (EN-GB) 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R /S /P endobj /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 105 42 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Pg 21 0 R /K 6 endobj /K 0 Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria. Propose changes and adjustments in the field to solve problems that occur during construction work and the owner is the decision maker. /P 10 0 R /P 452 0 R 320 0 obj 0000001020 00000 n /K 20 /K 41 /Lang (EN-GB) 344 0 obj /TT0 363 0 R 8 [null null 293 0 R null null 109 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 120 0 obj /Count 11 /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 21 0 R endobj >> /K 5 Thank you for your detailed breakdown. /P 452 0 R << /Pg 17 0 R /S /P /Pg 20 0 R << >> endobj There are 3 stages of payment. << /Lang (EN-GB) 0000002282 00000 n /Lang (EN-GB) /K 18 198 0 obj >> null null null 132 0 R null null null 133 0 R null null 45 0 obj I am glad you found my articles educative. /P 483 0 R /Lang (EN-US) endobj << >> 0000003362 00000 n
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