families living together in hamlets. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. authority of a district commissioner. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Acholi | Encyclopedia.com "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. This made the chiefs more independent from The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). The Population Geography of Acholi District. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. This cookie is set by Youtube. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. southern part of the country relatively young. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Behrend, Heike (1991). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A rebellion (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. [1994], p. 80). Okot p'Bitek (1971). 1679-1914." As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Socialization. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior The conflict had dramatic effects on the local In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. against the central government. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. ." In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink The He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. more. (p. 34). find its conclusion until the 19th century. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Organizational Politics. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Kinship Terminology. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Wright, A. C. A. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used interpolity interactions at the county level. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of named Luo. (1976). Certain rwodi and Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Dholuo According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. PDF University of Bradford eThesis Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ." Corrections? Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Dwyer, John O. Langlands, B. W. (1971). with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and As some of these languages show some form [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Division of Labor. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Occasional Paper no. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. "Land Tenure in Acholi." LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Location. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Ceremonies. (1988). From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. B.A. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Congo. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth with the British was through Samuel Baker. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Luo people - Wikipedia Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b
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