British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother The movement soon assumed both religious and national characteristics. In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire . Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. Other Protestant denominations from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States also opened missions and, in the 1860s, Roman Catholic religious orders established missions. The influence of Christianity and the establishment of schools made the nationalists realize that after all God created everyman equal . british empire - What were the main causes of successful take over of In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Europeans had raced to colonize the country Africa. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. Description. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. Thanks to this skewed writing of history, many Nigerians today still have Empire nostalgia and view the colonial period through rose-tinted . Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultans capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. 1. A spokeswoman for Austria's Weltmuseum Wien acknowledges 13 of its 173 Benin Bronzes "have been linked definitively to the British invasion" though eight were acquired in the 16th century . Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930mi), passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. Most of these came from military backgrounds. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. Their history illustrates that rarely they had put a programme or a plan before themselves and then acted upon it. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. By the 1870s the Niger trade was becoming profitable, and a few French companies took notice. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. God, Gold, and Glory. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. Great Britain was the leaders at this time in colonizing the land filled with rich natural recourses. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. In 1841 the British tried to settle some Egba on a model farm in Lokoja, but the plan was aborted because the mortality rate among European officials was so high. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. From January 1914 onwards, the newly united colony and protectorate was presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. Nigeria - Nigeria as a colony | Britannica Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. 2. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. The British encouraged this secession, worsening the war even further. The British Conquest of Benin and the Oba's Return A Summary of British Rule in India - ThoughtCo 4. What Were Reasons for European Exploration of the Americas? There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. As a practice, colonialism is traced to the1854 and 1855 conference at Berlin in Germany. In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. In the Eastern Region, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year. The Colonial Civil Service used intermediaries, as the Royal Niger Company had, in an expanded role which included diplomacy, propaganda and espionage. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. 12 tribes of israel family tree; why did poseidon often adopt the shape of a steed. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. June 30, 2022 . Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which those perceived as infidels are avoided. Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodists, and Baptists in Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, and Ogbomoso. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. Offers a bold rethink: a clear-eyed, unromanticized history of colonial Nigeria written by a Nigerian. . During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. They were helped by two major factors; the discovery of quinine as a preventive drug against malaria and the armory the British possess which was superior compared to those of the Nigerians. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. British exploitation of their fatherland. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. 3. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates - HISTORY The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". African Resistance to European Imperialism: Conflicts & Impact [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. . penn wood high school alumni; picture of shawn westover; microblading nickel allergy Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. Order. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control . The British Conquest and Resistance of Sokoto Caliphate, 18971903 What are the Factors which facilitated the rise of Colonialism? Colonial System of Administration In Nigeria: Definition, Historical The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. [19] This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. Timeline of the British Empire - Historic UK This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. The conquest and colonization of the Nigerian territory stirring up nationalist sentiments among the few educated elements mostly foreign educated Africans and liberated slaves, and later African students in Britain. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism. At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno.
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